Syntax

• Syntax concerns the possible arrangements of words in a language. The basic unit is the sentence which minimally consists of a main clause (containing at least a subject and predicate). Nouns and verbs are the major categories and combine with various others, such as adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, etc. to form more complex sentences. 

• Linguists often distinguish between a level on which the unambiguous semantic structure of a sentence is represented, formerly referred to as deep structure, and the actual form of a sentence, previously called surface structure. 

• Sentence structure is normally displayed by means of a tree diagram which is intended to display the internal structure in a manner which is visually comprehensible. Such a diagram is not assumed to correspond to any encoding of language in the brain. 

• The term generation is used in formal linguistics to describe exhaustively the structure of sentences. Whether it also refers to the manner in which speakers actually produce sentences, from the moment of having an idea to saying a sentence, is a very different question and most linguists do not make any such claim. 

• Universal grammar represents an attempt to specify what structural elements are present in all languages, i.e. what is their common grammatical core, and to derive means for describing these adequately. 

• Language would appear to be organised modularly. Thus syntax is basically independent of phonology, for instance, though there is an interface between these two levels of language.

The purpose of analysing the internal structure of sentences is 

1) to reveal the hierarchy in the ordering of elements

2) to explain how surface ambiguities come about

3) to demonstrate the relatedness of certain sentences

Read More

Morphology

There are two basic divisions in morphology : 

(1) lexical morphology (word formation) 

(2) inflectional morphology (grammar, conjugation/declination) 

• Morphology is concerned with the study of word forms. A word is best defined in terms of internal stability (is it further divisible?) and external mobility (can it be moved to a different position in a sentence?). 

• A morpheme is the smallest unit which carries meaning. An allomorph is a non-distinctive realisation of a morpheme. 

• Morphology can further be divided into inflectional (concerned with the endings put on words) and derivational (involves the formation of new words). 

• Affixation is the process of attaching an inflection or, more generally, a bound morpheme to a word. This can occur at the beginning or end and occasionally in the middle of a word form. 

• Morphemes can be classified according to whether they are bound or free and furthermore lexical or grammatical. 

• Word formation processes can be either productive or lexicalised (non-productive). There are different types of word-formation such as compounding, zero derivation (conversion), back formation andclipping.

• For any language the distinction between native and foreign elements in the lexicon is important. In English there are different affixes used here and stress also varies according to the historical source of words.

Read More

What is Euphemism?

Euphemism is a polite inoffensive expression words or phrases replaced for one considered offensive or hurtful that contrarily might be considered bitter, blunt or unpleasant to hear. In short, the term euphemism refers to courteous, unintended expressions which is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression that replace words and phrases considered harsh and disrespectful or which suggest something unpleasant. When the aim is not to offend or hurt someone with honest intentions. Possibly

Read More

Definisi Symbol and Sign

According to Webster's Dictionary:

Symbol:

symbol is an object that serves as a means to present something that is abstract, such as a dove as a symbol of peace.
 

a symbol is a sign, the content is short, accompanies the nature of an object, process quality, quantity, meet certain cargo muatan- eg symbol on the context in music, chemistry, mathematics and others.

Symbolic:

of or Expressed is a symbol as symbols

that serves as a symbol (of something)

using Symbolism

Symbolism:

the representation of things by use of symbols, especially an art or literature.

According to P. Gauguin and O Redon, Encyclopedia VI p. 3178:

Symbolism is a new movement in art. In this regard painting as a reaction against naturalism movement, where the movement naturalist movement prioritizes reasonable or in accordance with the real thing. A person does not have to depict reality carefully (naturalist), and every color, shape, and line but can cause feelings or symbolic meaning.

According to Charles Sanders Peirce (Theory of Semiotics of Architectural Trikonomi):

The symbol is a sign that is present due to have a relationship that has been agreed or already have agreements (arbitrary relations) between signifier and signified.

In Meaning and Behavior in the Built Environment, Charles dividing the sign into three, namely:

Iconic sign, Sign reminiscent of the object through some kind of equation that kompleks.Contoh: booth selling hot dogs have a shape like a hot dog.

Indexial sign. Sign the shows at certain obyak in physical terms, the meaning can be read without the symbol of cultural knowledge. There is a relationship that exists between the signifier (symbol) with signified (concept). Example: window means has the function to see the view.

Symbol, Sign learned as meaning something in a particular cultural context.

While in Sign, Symbol and Architecture, Charles Sanders Peirce explains: Symbol is a sign or image reminiscent penyerupaan complex object which is defined as something that is learned in the cultural context of more specific or more specialized.

By DR. Ir. Galina Widjil Pangarsa Architecture Symbolism is just the pursuit of pleasure architectural stage of social status by attaching new symbols of his day where there is rarely a plagiarism activity.

Signs and Symbols

A sign is something we directly encounter, yet at the same time it refers to something else. Thunder is a sign of rain. A punch in the nose is a sign of anger. An arrow is a sign of whatever it points toward.

Words are also signs, but of a special kind. They are symbols. Unlike the examples cited above, most symbols have no natural connection with the things they describe. There’s nothing in the sound of the word kiss or anything visual in the letters h-u-g that signifies an embrace. One could just as easily coin the term snarf or clag to symbolize a close encounter of the romantic kind.

Read More

Symbol and Sign

Symbols

Symbols are signs that stand for something else. For example, a cross is a symbol of Christianity worldwide just as plus sign has come to mean Red Cross or hospital in general, and even an illiterate person knows he can get medical services when he sees this symbol. There are symbols for elements in chemistry, which are derived by

Read More

The Defining Of Semantics

Semantics is one branch of linguistics that we must know. However, prior to further discuss what can be learned in semantics, it would be nice if we know some of the definitions of semantics expressed by some of the following experts:

"The word semantics is derived from the Greek semaino, meaning, to signify or mean. Semantics is part of the larger study of signs, Semiotics. It is the part that the offer

Read More

The Defining Of Syntax

Actually a lot of good books that speak English and Indonesian that explores the syntax of this, but if you're among the students or the students of trouble getting the books, either due to not having enough money to buy the books (my rich this hehe) or lazy to stop at Library, then this is a good opportunity for me to give some reference about the syntax itself. Well maybe rather than having to buy expensive or if the book is in the library, the library of reach sobit buddies all. Immediately, he definition syntax linguistics world, according to some experts:

Read More

The Defining Of Morphology

For students who took the science faculty language course very familiar with the term morphology, although sometimes they are less loved the course. Okay, to the point, Words like learn, Learns, learned, and learning shows a relationship similar in form and meaning in a systematic, because similar patterns such as these words are always in English verb. One sub-field within linguistics that discuss these patterns are called morphology (Geert, 2005: 4).

Read More